Aparna Choudhary also crosses existing national record
Sarah Webster of Great Britain sets new 24-hr world record for women
Geeno Antony tops among Indian men
India’s ultrarunner Sunita Subba shattered the current national record at the 2025 IAU 24 Hour World Championships held in Albi, France on October 18-19.
Sunita covered a distance of 217.327 kilometers during the stipulated 24 hours, surpassing the national record by a huge margin. The existing national record was held by Anju Saini who had covered 204.314 km during the IAU 24 Hour Asia & Oceania Championships held in Bengaluru in 2022.
Aparna Choudhary also surpassed the existing national record notching up a distance of 210.537 km finishing second behind Sunita among Indian women. She improved her personal record by a huge margin. Her previous best was 192 km.
Photo by Ashok Daniel
Sarah Webster of Great Britain and Northern Ireland won the gold in the women’s race of the Championships with a new world record distance of 278.622 km, surpassing the existing record of 270.363 km set by Miho Nakata of Japan.
Sarah Webster – Photo downloaded from IAU’s Facebook page
Holly Ranson of Australia won the silver with a distance of 273.058 km and Miho Nakata ended with the bronze (271.557 km). All three women ran further than current World Record.
Among Indian women, finishing in third position was Bindu Juneja with a distance of 202.164 km. She improved her personal record by a huge margin of 17.2 km at this race.
“I was initially training alone in Darjeeling, where I stay. Then I was asked to shift to Bengaluru temporarily so that Santhosh Sir could monitor my training (Santhosh Padmanabhan is the manager of the Indian ultrarunning team). Many others lent support of various kinds to help me do this event,” she said. Sunita had recently secured the overall third position in the women’s race of Wipro Bengaluru Marathon 2025 and first in her age category of 18 to 35 years.
Sunita Subba
Indian men’s team was led by Geeno Antony, who covered a distance of 265.198 km, improving his own personal record by a staggering 26.5 km. In second position was Sugourav Goswami with a distance of 245.158 km and in third position was Ullas Narayana (229.779 km).
Amar Singh Devanda, the national record holder for 24-hours, fell back to fourth position with a distance of 225.048 km. He said he ran well for about 15 to 16 hours but could not keep up after that. However, his national record of 272.537 km set in April 2024 remains unbroken.
“My race went off very well. The effort that went into the training helped me immensely during the run,” Geeno said.
“My presence at the championship is not because of me alone. It’s the result of many sleepless nights, endless effort, and the silent teamwork behind me. Every step I took in the 24 Hours World Championship was powered by their support,” Geeno said.
Geeno Antony
At 245.158 km, Sugourav also bettered his personal record by a substantial margin. His previous best was 226 km set in March 2025 at the 24-hour Bengaluru Stadium Run. Nevertheless, he was not happy with his performance. “I could have done better but fatigue pulled down my performance. My conservative target was 150 km. I struggled a lot in the last three hours of the race,” he said.
A team of people including Nagaraj Adiga of Energiva and NEB Sports, Santhosh Padmanabhan, coach and team manager, Vivek Gopi (strength and conditioning), Samanivita (nutritionist), Abhishek Jagan (Sports Scientist), Hemant (race crew support for Geeno) among many others were responsible for the entire Indian team and made it possible for the runners to be there in Albi to represent the country, Geeno said.
In the men’s overall race, Andrii Tkachuk of Ukraine won the gold with a distance of 294.346 km. Silver was secured by Jo Inge Norum of Norway (285.513 km) and bronze by Matti Jonkka of Finland (283.699).
Indian team – Photo by Ashok Daniel
Team Standings
Among the women’s team, Great Britain and Northern Ireland won the gold (768.641 km), followed by Australia (744.601 km) and Japan (726.983).
The men’s team event was won by Finland (797.030 km. France secured silver (791.195) and Poland finished in bronze position (780.651 km).
Runners are required to run in a loop of 1,500 meters for a period of 24 hours starting October 18, 2025.
The author, Latha Venkatraman, is an independent journalist based in Mumbai.
Corina Van Dam, or Cocky, as she is popularly known in Mumbai, is a football coach and an endurance athlete involved in ultra and long-distance running, long distance swimming and triathlons. In September 2025, Cocky crossed the finish line of the 122 kilometre-long Silk Route Ultra in Ladakh, securing a third position among women finishers. This was her second attempt. In 2024, she had to DNF (did not finish). In a first-person account, Cocky writes about her experience at the event.
This was my second time at the Ladakh Marathon’s Silk Route Ultra and this time I finished…..!
In 2024, I DNF’ed (DNF = did not finish) when my body started leaning to the right during my descent to Leh. After South Pullu (19 kilometers before the finish) I decided to drop out after I realized that I was not able to observe my body was tilting. You can read more about that experience in the article that I wrote for Outrigger last year. With the experience and knowledge that I gained from many runners and coaches, I tried to prepare myself better this time around.
Initially, I was not even planning to participate in the 2025 edition of the Silk Route Ultra (SRU). I had qualified for the Ironman 70.3 World Championships in Marbella, Spain in November 2025 and I wanted to focus on that. But I just love ultra running and felt butterflies when the registration for SRU opened. So, after enjoying the Hell Race White Sand Ultra 100 km, I immediately signed up for SRU especially since I met the criteria for qualification. With Mr Motup (the organizer of the event) ‘threatening’ us every year that he will make qualification more difficult, I thought I should take my chance this year. It also helped that I was about to turn 60 and thought that soon I would be too slow to run a 100km within 14 hours.
From June onwards, I started to increase my running mileage, with a six-hour night run, a 50 km monsoon run and the 12-hour Mumbai Ultra as main training events while I also continued swimming and a bit of cycling. My plan was to spend a few days more on acclimatizing than in 2024 and therefore planned to take a bus to Manali and from there to Leh. However, the weeks before, rains lashed across Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand. Villages disappeared under mud; people lost their lives. Traveling by road became an uncertain and risky endeavor. Especially with the hard rule that participants have to be physically present during the bib collection in Leh to ensure the acclimatization before an ultra-run at high altitude. I made the decision early enough to secure a place on a plane and reached Ladakh in time. Others were not that lucky as flights got canceled. Runners got stuck and many missed the opportunity to participate despite the one-day relief granted by the organization for those with verified reasons for delay.
I had just arrived in Ladakh when I got the message that Shyam G. Menon had died. I had met him only a few times, but he has always been very interested in my stories. With Outrigger, he has given me a platform to share my first Ironman Goa experience, my race in the Ironman 70.3 world championships in 2023 and last year’s DNF in the Silk Route Ultra in my own words. I consider Latha a friend and could only imagine the pain that she felt. I’m writing this with gratitude to Shyam and hope that it will be what he expected it to be. May he rest in peace.
The days in Leh are always pleasant with a select group of ultra runners in the first week who do their morning runs, work a couple of hours and meet in the afternoon for coffee and banter. In the second week, there was an influx of running groups with many traveling for the first time to the Land of High Passes. I enjoyed the morning runs with friends and Ladakhi chai and flat bread with butter afterwards, and my afternoon walks, apricot pie, thukpa…! Two trips to Khardung La helped me to prepare for the race. The weather was not great on my first few days in Leh. It rained and it was cold. It snowed at K-top. I was mentally not prepared for ascending more than 50 kilometers in bad weather. My first assignment was to visualize walking a night in the snow and think about how I would face it. Being born and having grown up in the Netherlands its unpredictable weather probably helped me in the process and perhaps I’m better equipped than many other participants to deal with the cold. When I walked up the pass twice, I felt lightheaded and a sense of carelessness. This made me realize that when I cared about my tilting last year, this was actually a sign that I was psychologically aware. I was also confident that I would recognize this ‘state of carelessness’ during the race.
Finally, the day came and we traveled to Kyagar, the start line of the race. You would sign up for the race, just for this….! Mr Motup gives instructions, warns us and flags the busses off. Running friends came to see us for the journey and the race, akin to a school trip. I almost felt like crying. The journey was – of course – breathtaking – even when you have traveled it a few times. Some of the bends and inclines I remembered from previous years. Now I could see the mountains, the valley, the river. We settled into our hotel – comfortable rooms with a peaceful garden. Sufiya and I shared a room, again. We know each other’s habits and follow our own routines. That helped because increasingly we were becoming nervous! The cultural evening deflected our thoughts and kept us busy in between snacks and meals.
There was only one moment that I thought:’ I’m never going to do this again’ and that was when we were waiting for the mandatory blood pressure check. In 2024, it was a traumatic experience as I had to get tested three times, drink glasses of lukewarm water and eat raw garlic. This time I succeeded after two times and taking some wonder medicine on doctor’s advice that I refused last year.
The first part of the race goes through rolling hills and follows the river. It was pleasant, my legs were fresh, villagers cheered us on as if we were already close to finishing. Children gave us high fives and ran with us. There was some pressure to complete the first 27 kilometer in four hours but with last year’s experience, I knew I could do it. From Khalsar, the run becomes a walk. And to be honest, I love this part. I enjoyed walking alone in the night, the route lit by the moon and under a sky full of stars. I recognized the road, the route and knew that when I saw the lights of Khardung Village it would take a long time to get there….! Although I was walking mostly alone, I met ‘everyone’ at the SRU breakfast where we could fuel and get our warm jackets for the ascent to Khardung La. I left the village before the participants of Khardung La Challenge started their race. It was enjoyable to see the lights behind me meandering through the mountains. North Pullu (at17 kilometers) looked further this time but K-top (another 15 km) seemed closer. On my way to the top, I noticed another runner and I thought ‘he walks like a robot’. That was my sign to look closer at myself. I was still straight up.
I never spend much time at the top and didn’t even see the garlic soup stall…! I had tried to eat and drink at every 7km aid station and also use my own gels, Enerzal and snacks in between. But at some point, I was no longer thirsty and hungry. And how many dates and bananas can you eat? I was able to run a bit towards South Pullu where I was enthusiastically welcomed and told I was strong running in third position. Shortly after that I noticed that I now really started tilting again. Based on last year’s experience, I knew that this was because of low oxygen level, and probably dehydration due to which there are changes in the spinal cord fluid which cause the ‘leaning’. I don’t know if the leanings happen on the stronger or the weaker side of the body. I knew I had enough time in hand to complete the race walking. I didn’t care about finishing third or last. I thought: ‘This time I’m going to collect that finisher’s medal and jacket’. Confident, with optimism and songs in my head, I took off. Soon I could see Shanti Stupa, knowing that it was still far away but that it would come closer with every step I took. I made repeated calculations as the kilometer signs on the road were not in synch with the details that Garmin was giving me. The sun was relentless and where was this Mendak Mor, our last cut off point, a question in my mind. On the road behind me I saw many other runners. I was not the last. I reached Mendak Mor with an hour in hand.
Once you reach Leh, there is this extra loop through the city. I knew I was tilting, a lot. People told me to take it easy. I thought (and probably told them) ‘this is a race, isn’t it?’ and moved on. Someone gave me Coca Cola. I didn’t know him, I opened my mouth and he just poured it in. The garden walls along the road were very helpful to rest a bit. The hotel staff was sitting in front of Reeyork House, my home in Leh. They cheered me on and I tried to lean to the other side pretending that nothing was ‘wrong’ (when I reached the hotel later, they gave me coffee, made me noodles, so it was clear that my theatre act had failed…). When I reached Leh Market, I thought one moment: ‘I don’t want to finish like this’. I knew what it looked like. I told myself to ‘(wo)man up’ and finish ‘the bloody thing’. I don’t think I will be ever cheered on like this again. People shouted my name, applauded, smiled. I saw friends, a placard with my name, I high fived with those who had been standing there for hours. They were so happy and proud.
After the finish, I went straight to a stretcher for a powernap. Apparently, I had finished third. I couldn’t care less. Friends were peeping through the window of the recovery tent. I just waved at them, closed my eyes and only stood up for the award ceremony. The gifts were amazing: finishers shawl, medal and token and then a winners’ shawl, bronze medal and a trophy and prize money….! My main concern was, how to get this to the hotel with those four race bags. The Stride With Girish Bindra group – the loudest in Leh – helped me.
People ask me if I’m ‘okay’, even now, weeks later. I realize that some of them were happy, others proud, worried, inspired, intimidated, felt sorry for me, thought that it must have been painful (it was not). After a few hours of sleep my spine was straight again. The next morning at 7.00 am, I led the warming up for the Athlos shake out run and directly after, I went to the airport to catch my flight back to Mumbai.
A week later I swam Dusk to Dawn, Mumbai Sea Swimmers’ endurance swimming event, in which I completed 23,1 kilometer in its 12-hour race.
Abhishek Pal, Seema top finishers among Indian runners
Kenyan runners Alex Matata and Lilian Rengeruk won the men’s and women’s half marathon race at the Vedanta Delhi Half Marathon, held on October 12, 2025 in the capital city.
Alex Matata finished the race in 59.50 minutes to claim the men’s half marathon crown.
In the women’s race, Lilian Rengeruk, also of Kenya, completed the distance in 1:07:20 hours.
This was the second time in the 20 years of the race’s history that Kenyans were winning the men’s and women’s title. The previous double win by Kenyan runners came in 2006.
Finishing second behind Matata was Ethiopia’s Bayelign Teshager (1:00:22) and third was Kenya’s James Kipkogei (1:00:25).
In the women’s race finishing behind Rengeruk was Melal Biratu in second position (1:07:21) and Mulat Tekle (1:07:29) in third position, both from Ethiopia.
The Indian title was clinched by Abhishek Pal (1:04:17) in the men’s race and Seema (1:11:23) in the women’s race.
Abhishek Pal had previously won the Delhi Half Marathon in 2018 and 2023. In April 2025, he was the Indian winner of TCS World 10 K Bengaluru and finished overall seventh with a timing of 29:12 minutes.
“I was happy with my training and my race. But I could have done better if I had company during the race. Pacing with another runner always helps improve our timing,” Abhishek said.
Indian team for 100 k IAU Asia Oceania Championships 2025 chosen
The Ultra and Trail Running Selection Committee of AFI has chosen the team of ultrarunners to represent the country at the 100 k IAU Asia Oceania Championships to be held in Bangkok, Thailand on November 23, 2025.
Male ultrarunners include Vipul Kumar, Amar Singh Devanda, Saurav Kumar Ranjan, Binay Sah, Geeno Antony, Velu Perumal, Devarao Choudhari, Sanap Jagannath and Jayadrath Singh.
Women runners chosen to participate include Jayalakshmi Balakrishnan, Aarti Zanwar, Sindhu Umesh, Rajni Singh, Tenzin Dolma and Namgyal Lhamo.
(The author, Latha Venkatraman, is an independent journalist based in Mumbai)
The Ultra and Trail Running Selection Committee of Indian Athletics (formerly Athletics Federation of India) met on May 1 to decide on the team of ultra runners to represent India at the IAU 24 Hour World Championship scheduled to be held in Albi, France over October 18 and 19, 2025.
Twelve runners (six women and six men) will be representing the country. Two additional runners have also been chosen as stand-by for both the men’s team as well as the women’s.
The women’s team comprises Aparna Choudhary, Shashi Mehta, Sunita Subba, Bindu Juneja, Arti Agrawal and Sadiya Salim Savy. Sufiya Sufi will be the back-up runner.
The men’s team includes Amar Singh Devanda, Ullas Narayana, Saurav Kumar Ranjan, Geeno Antony, Velu Perumal and Sugourav Goswami. Badal Teotia will be the back-up runner.
(The author, Latha Venkatraman, is an independent journalist based in Mumbai)
Ashwini Ganapathi fell short of an overall win at the Bengaluru BigFoot Backyard Ultra but set a new national best for women.
She ran for 28 hours (covering 6.7 kilometres in each hour) notching up a total mileage of 187.6 km, a new national best by a woman in this format of ultra running. The previous record of 27 hours (180.9 km) was held by Aparna Choudhary, which she set in October 2024.
The overall winner of the Bengaluru BigFoot Backyard Ultra 2025 was Thoudam Opendro Singh. He ran for 29 hours. The event was held on May 10, 2025.
The backyard ultra, also known as the last runner standing, is a format of ultra running in which runners are required to run a loop of 6.7 km within an hour. Every new hour runners who have completed the 6.7 km in the previous hour continue their running until the last surviving runner is declared the winner. This winner is also the sole finisher of the race.
“ The Backyard Ultra is an interesting format of ultra running and I had wanted to attempt it for some time now,” Ashwini said.
The concept of backyard ultra was founded by Gary Cantrell of Tennessee (also known as Lazarus Lake). He is the founder and race director of Barkleys Marathon.
Ashwini Ganapathi
“ I paced my run in such a manner so as to get seven to eight minutes time in each hour to get rest and nutrition before the next hour started,” Ashwini said. She managed to finish well within the 60-minute cut-off for most of her 28 hours barring one when she had a close call. She had to help a runner get back to the finish line.
The rules of this format of ultra running mandate that runners not take any external help or aid from passers-by or friends while on the route. But at the end of each loop, they can be assisted by their support crew. Ashwini’s support crew consisted of her husband Sandeep and Anand Adkoli, race director of Malnad Ultra.
“ When we started at 6 am on May 10, 2025, we were 20 runners. As the hours went by, runners kept dropping out. At the 18th hour only four runners remained and by the 22nd hour only two of us were left – Opendro Singh and me. I continued till the 28th hour. I gave up as I had developed blisters on my feet. Opendro Singh continued for the 29th hour to win the race,” she said.
The national best for men in this format – 52 hours – is held by Sunil Sharma. He set this record in October 2024.
Ashwini also holds the national record for 12 hours with a mileage of 111.8 km.
(The author, Latha Venkatraman, is an independent journalist based in Mumbai)
Amar Singh Devanda sets a new national record in 12 hour run at Bengaluru Stadium Run 2025
Aparna Choudhary, Geeno Antony take top honours in 24-hour run
Ultra runner Amar Singh Devanda bettered his own national record in the 12-hour run at the 24-hour Stadium Run Bengaluru held on March 30 and 31, 2025.
Amar ran a distance of 151.6 kilometres during the stipulated 12 hours, smashing his own record of 145.2 km set previously. He also holds the current national record for 24-hours with a distance of 272.54 km covered.
Aparna Choudhary (photo: courtesy Aparna)
In the 24-hour run category, Aparna Choudhary and Geeno Antony won in the women’s and men’s categories respectively. They qualified for the IAU 24-Hour World Championship to be held in Albi, France later this year.
In the women’s race in the 12-hour category, Bengaluru-based Bindu Juneja finished with top honours covering a distance of 108.8 km.
Amar Devanda’s training for the 12-hour run was a coordinated effort of the NEB Performance Team, which included a nutritionist, a running coach and a strength and conditioning coach. “ The training was devised with a scientific approach,” he said. As Amar has already qualified for the World Championship, the focus was to step up his pace in the 12-hour run so as to attempt the same pace during a 24-hour run.
“ My run went as per the plan laid out by the coaches,” he said. Post event, his recovery has also been quite good. “ I should shortly commence my training for the World Championship,” he said.
Aparna Choudhary, winner of the women’s 24-hour run, said she was confident going into the race as her training went well. Aparna normally does her training runs in the afternoon, therefore the weather adversities did not trouble her during the race.
Sugourav Goswami and Arti Agrawal
On race day, weather was pleasant in the early hours at Bengaluru but got progressively tough with harsh sun and gradual rise in temperature.
“ I did suffer some gut issues, which really got bad. Lalita (race director of India Backyard Ultra), the person crewing for me, saved the day. I also ended up with hip flexor issues, a common problem that I have faced in many of my ultra runs,” Aparna said. In the 24-hour run, she covered a distance of 192 km.
In February 2025, Aparna had finished overall first in the 338 km run at Vineyard Ultra 2025 held in Nashik. She also won the women’s race of the Border 100-mile run held in December 2024. She has been running events for the past few months including marathons and ultra runs.
Arti Agrawal, who finished second in the women’s 24-hour race, had entered the event with very little training. “ I have a full-time job and a family to take care of,” she said. But she did a few ultra runs including the 100-mile race of Border Ultra 2024, Adani Ahmedabad Marathon 2024, Tata Mumbai Marathon 2025, Jaipur Marathon 2025 and Tata Ultra 2025. “ I took these races as my training runs for the 24-hour run,” she said. During the stipulated 24 hours, Arti covered a distance of 182.8 km.
Geeno Antony (photo: courtesy Geeno)
Geeno Antony, who secured the top position in the men’s 24-hour run also went through a vigorous 10-week training program before the event. “ This time around my training plan was designed by Santhosh Padmanabhan (also the manager of the Indian ultra runners’ team). Training included very long runs leading to a weekly mileage of 200-220 km sometimes,” he said.
As part of his training, Geeno did a 10-hour run, four night runs and four six-hour runs.
“ On race day, I started conservatively so as to stay consistent through the 24 hours. But I did lose the last 50 minutes due to an injury. It was a setback to lose that time but my coach asked to me to stop, a prudent decision in hindsight,” Geeno said. He covered a distance of 238.8 km, a new personal record of 300 meters.
Velu Perumal (photo: courtesy Velu)
Velu Perumal, who finished second in the 24-hour race, was targeting a distance of 245-250 km but finished with 233.2 km. Having done much of his training in the cool climate of Ooty, Velu did find the daytime heat at the Bengaluru stadium difficult. Velu, an army man, is now posted at the Military Hospital at Coonoor in Ooty. His training went off well with inputs from Santhosh Padmanabhan and support from Brigadier Muthana, Military Hospital Commandant.
Sugourav Goswami, who finished third behind Velu, had also stepped up his training ahead of going into the race. “ I had the longest training session with higher intensity, increased distance and time. I was running a distance of 150-170 km every week,” he said. Sugourav, who finishing third, covered a distance of 226 km, thereby qualifying for the World Championship. To qualify for the IAU 24-Hour World Championship, male runners have to cover a distance of 225 km and women runners 180 km during a 24 hour run, as per Indian Athletics guidelines.
“ My race went as per plan, near perfect. As I train around a lake in Bengaluru, I was used to running in a loop,” Sugourav said. But the long hours did prove challenging. The Bengaluru-based ultra-runner has participated in many ultra-running events. This run was his first ever stadium run. “ The longest time I had been on my feet in a running event was 18 hours. At the stadium run, I did find the last few hours tough. I struggled in the last three hours,” he said. He had devised his own training plan.
Bindu Juneja (photo: courtesy Bindu)
In the 12-hour women’s race Bindu Juneja was the winner covering a distance of 108.8 km. “ This was a personal best for me but I am tad disappointed that I could not break the national record of 111.8 km (currently held by Ashwini Ganapathi),” she said.
Her training was executed very well with guidance from Santhosh but on race day she did face some gut issues. Nevertheless, in the last one hour of the race, Bindu managed to cover 10.5 km to take her total mileage to 108.8 km.
The 100 km race was won by Jayadrath who finished in 7:59:33.
The NEB organized stadium run in Bengaluru was held to enable ultra-runners qualify for the upcoming IAU 24 Hour World Championship.
(The author, Latha Venkatraman, is an independent journalist based in Mumbai)
Ethiopian runners Tadese Takele and Sutume Asefa Kebede won the men’s and women’s race at the 2025 edition of Tokyo Marathon, one of the six World Marathon Majors, held on March 2, 2025.
Takele finished in two hours, three minutes and 23 seconds in the men’s race. In the women’s race Kebede clocked 2:16:31 to defend her title.
Weather on race day was unusually warm by Tokyo standards. It was perfect at the start of the race but got warmer in the second half of the race. The brunt of the shift in conditions was experienced by the amateur runners.
We spoke to a few runners from India about how they trained for the event and their experience, running the Tokyo Marathon.
Subhojit Roy (photo: courtesy Subhojit)
Subhojit Roy
Pune-based Subhojit Roy was always more focused on running a well-timed marathon in different cities than on the six-star World Marathon Major (WMM) journey. Nevertheless, having done a few of them he decided to play along and complete all the six.
The six-star WMM circuit entails running the six marathons – Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London, New York City and Tokyo. Subhojit’s first WMM was Berlin Marathon, way back in 2017. This year, at Tokyo, he completed his six-star WMM journey. “ I got entry to the Tokyo Marathon after several attempts over the years,” he told this blog.
Towards the end of August 2024, Subhojit contracted chikungunya and had to drop out of the half marathon race at Hyderabad Marathon 2024. Though he recovered from the infection the aftereffects continued to wreak havoc for several weeks thereafter.
“ I had enrolled for Berlin Marathon 2024. My training was absolutely negligible but I decided to go as all my bookings were non-refundable. On race day, I decided to run but carried some cash that would enable me to get back to my hotel in the event I could not complete,” he said. He finished the race in 3:12:59.
He continued to suffer body pain due to the chikungunya infection until sometime in December 2024. “ I had six weeks to train until the Tokyo Marathon,” he said. His coach Nihal Baig chalked out his training plan but a half marathon race timing and a tempo run did not turn out well. After a discussion with his coach, he altered his nutrition and was able to put in two weeks of very good training runs. “ After these training runs, I was confident,” he said.
He targeted a 3:08-finish but was able to finish in 3:05:56, a new personal record for Subhojit. “ The weather was warm and the last 5-6 kilometres were tough. I was not in a mood to let go. The weather turned warm by Tokyo standards but we train in much worse air quality and on traffic-laden roads,” he said. Subhojit was the fastest among Indian runners at the 2025 Tokyo Marathon.
“ My recovery after Tokyo Marathon has been quite good,” he said. He has enrolled for the 2025 Boston Marathon but is yet to decide on going for it.
“ My WMM journey has helped me maintain fitness, focus and sanity in the face of the many ups and downs of life. I think it has more than served the goal of self-improvement and discovery that I embarked upon when I started,” he said.
Narinder Sharma (photo: courtesy Narinder)
Narinder Sharma
Narinder Sharma, now a resident of Chandigarh, trains under Pune-based endurance athlete and coach, Kaustubh Radkar. He commenced his training under Kaustubh while he was at the National Defence Academy (NDA), Khadakwasla. He has been running for over 10 years.
“ My training for the Tokyo Marathon went off quite well,” he said. His performance stayed on track though the rise in temperatures did impact him. Narinder finished in 3:31:57.
At Tokyo Marathon, runners are not allowed to carry their own water bottles. They are required to seek hydration support offered in a very organized manner all along the route.
Narinder, 61, an army veteran, has completed three of the six WMM so far – Chicago, Berlin and Tokyo. He is due to participate in the 2025 Boston Marathon slated to be held on April 21. He plans to resume his training shortly. “ After Boston Marathon, I may consider New York City Marathon, which is held on the first Sunday of November each year,” he said.
Harish Vasista (photo: courtesy Harish)
Harish Vasista
The 2025 edition of Tokyo Marathon was the culmination of the six-star WMM journey for Bengaluru-based runner Harish Vasista.
He had commenced his WMM journey in 2018 when he ran Berlin Marathon that year. Training under Bengaluru-based coach K.C. Kothandapani (also known as Pani Sir to runners), Harish followed his training plan. “ Every Sunday, he gives me a plan. Usually, the training plans are woven around the race I am planning to do, my current conditions and my ability,” he said. It is often a combination of fast runs, tempo runs, interval training and long runs on the one hand and strength training and stretching on the other, he said.
“ My coach had given me a target of 3:45 but I was able to better it, and finish in 3:43:11. I had no issues during my race at Tokyo but I missed a couple of water stations and that was tough as the weather was warmer than expected,” he said. Runners are required to go to specific water stations on the basis of the last digit of one’s bib number. “ With so many runners around, you do end up missing your water stations,” Harish said.
Running the six WMMs was a lifetime experience as one meets runners from different parts of the world. “ It is awesome to see runners come with challenges and difficulties and yet complete their run with perseverance. I enjoyed all my six marathons,” he said.
Harish has signed up for the Sydney Marathon, which is the seventh run to become a part of the World Marathon Major circuit. He said he would like to do the Ladakh Marathon but it may not be possible this year as Sydney Marathon falls on August 31, 2025 and the Ladakh Marathon is typically held in the first weekend of September. What awaits him closer home is the TCS World 10k in Bengaluru, scheduled to be held on April 27, 2025.
Dilip Ghadge (photo: courtesy Dilip)
Dilip Ghadge
The 2025 Tokyo Marathon was Dilip Ghadge’s fourth World Marathon Major. He had done Berlin Marathon, London Marathon and Chicago Marathon earlier.
A resident of Kalyan near Mumbai, Dilip, 57, has been running for over 10 years. After the initial flurry of running events, Dilip wanted to run a marathon in a European city and was aiming for the Amsterdam Marathon. But he was advised to run the Berlin Marathon, one of the initial six WMMs. He did the race in 2023 and quickly followed it up with the 2024 London Marathon and the Tokyo Marathon this year.
As Dilip has ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) certification, he drew up his own training plan for Tokyo. “ Training went off quite well and the run was also good,” he said. Dilip finished in 3:52:26, a new personal record.
“ I had learnt about Tokyo Marathon rules, especially the one about hydration. At Tokyo, water is supplied in cups and runners have to gulp down quickly and resume their running. During my training runs, I practiced this method of drinking water – gulping from the bottle kept in my car,” he said.
His recovery has been good, helped mainly by lots of walking, He went on some sight-seeing trips in Japan after the run.
“ I will be running Boston Marathon on April 21, 2025 and I have already resumed my training,” he said. Later in August this year, he will be running the Sydney Marathon, which has now become part of the World Marathon Majors as its seventh event. Dilip’s sixth WMM – New York City Marathon – will have to be attempted in 2026.
Smita Kulkarni (photo: courtesy Smita)
Smita Kulkarni
Smita Kulkarni, a runner from Pune, completed five of the six marathons of WMM with her run at Tokyo Marathon this March.
Her training for the Tokyo Marathon went off well under coach Kaustubh Radkar. She was happy with her training. But the warm weather of race day threw up challenges. “ At Tokyo Marathon, runners are not allowed to carry hydration and with unexpectedly warm weather there was a rush at the hydration stations. Most runners were trying to grab water. It was a mess,” she said.
“ The first half of the race went off okay but during the second half we had no respite from the sun,” she said. Barring the problem with hydration everything else about Tokyo Marathon was good, Smita said. She finished in 3:57:51.
Smita is trying to qualify for the Boston Marathon and she needs to finish in 3:50 for her age category. Having finished Tokyo Marathon and with nothing immediate on the cards, Smita plans to get back to the gym for weight training.
“ In the past 15 months, I have done five marathons – New York City, Delhi, London, Ahmedabad and Tokyo,” she said acknowledging the fact that she needs to take a break from running and resume with renewed energy, later.
Sunanda Dayani (photo: courtesy Sunanda)
Sunanda Dayani
Sunanda Dayani, a runner from Mumbai, has been running for over ten years. Tokyo Marathon was her fourth WMM, having done the New York City Marathon in 2019, Berlin Marathon in 2023 and Chicago Marathon in 2024.
Guided by Coach Kaustabh Radkar, Sunanda went through a 16-week training plan that commenced in November 2024. “ My Tokyo run went off very well though the weather was much warmer than expected. It’s a late start and the sun was right on our heads,” she said. Sunanda found the second half of the race tough because of the sun. She finished the marathon in 3:58:32. Her personal best timing in a marathon is 2:55:23, secured at the Apollo Tyres New Delhi Marathon 2024.
“ My recovery has been quite good. I have been walking a lot in Japan,” she said. Sunanda, a nutritionist, plans to now focus on strength training and resume marathon training in July. Typically, runners in India ease off running during the summer months and focus on strength training. “ I may want to do a trek possibly,” she said.
Kranti Salvi (photo: courtesy Kranti)
Kranti Salvi
At Tokyo Marathon 2025, Kranti Salvi completed her six-star WMM journey.
“ Because I run regularly, I am always race ready,” she said. The Mumbai-based runner is often a podium finisher at most of the races that she participates in. She has also secured a Guinness World Record for being the fastest marathon runner in a saree at the 2018 Berlin Marathon, in Welsh dress at the 2022 London Marathon and in a Japanese kimono at the 2024 Toronto Waterfront Marathon.
She used the Tata Mumbai Marathon 2025, held in January, as a long training run for the Tokyo Marathon. Her WMM journey began in 2017 with Boston Marathon.
“ Tokyo Marathon was a very different race compared to the other WMMs. There are many rules to adhere to. It’s also a silent race. The roads are excellent and the volunteers do a very good job,” she said.
She finished Tokyo Marathon in 3:59:09.
Back in time, she had wanted to do the Tokyo Marathon in a kimono but the race rules do not permit running in costumes. Having secured the requisite permissions from the Guinness World Records she decided to do it at the 2024 Toronto Waterfront Marathon.
Pramod Salvi (photo: courtesy Pramod)
Pramod Salvi
When Pramod Salvi signed up for his first long-distance race at the Mumbai Marathon many years ago, he enrolled for the full marathon without knowing what it entails.
He is not new to sports or adventure sports. He has been involved in many activities including tennis, swimming, equestrian events, motor rallying and hang gliding.
Pramod has been into recreational running for over 13-14 years and has done several marathons and many other shorter distance runs. He and his wife Kranti Salvi, a podium finisher in most runs, have been participating in several races of varying distances over the years.
At Tokyo, his run went off well barring some niggling cramps that he felt sometime around the 30 km mark. He finished the run in 5:23:03.
With this marathon, he has finished five of the six-star WMMs. He is yet to do the Boston Marathon.
Pratik Shetty (photo: courtesy Pratik)
Pratik Shetty
Mumbai-based Pratik Shetty learnt about World Marathon Majors when he decided to read about running to get information on injury prevention.
He started running sometime in 2014 primarily as a means to stay fit and keep himself involved in some sporting activity. At the 2016 Mumbai Marathon, he signed up for a full marathon. “ I realized later that I jumped to full marathon too early in my running. Following that Mumbai Marathon run, I ended up with an ankle injury,” he said. He decided to read up and find out more details about injury prevention. That’s when he got to know about World Marathon Majors.
Pratik, 34, has been registering for each of these WMMs and got entry to his first one at the 2018 Berlin Marathon. He bagged his second one at the 2025 Tokyo Marathon. He has four more to go for the six-star WMM medal.
“ My training for Tokyo Marathon was not good as my work kept me busy. My training mileage was quite low,” he said. On race day, he started well and was able to keep to his pace until the 22nd kilometre. After a toilet break at this point Pratik was not able to get back to his pace. He finished in 5:56:53.
“ The Tokyo Marathon course appears easy but the gentle inclines along the way do take a lot of energy out of the runner,” he said. Pratik will now be focusing on the Procam Slam, which entails running four races – TCS World 10 k in Bengaluru, Vedanta Delhi Half Marathon, Tata Steel World 25 k in Kolkata and Tata Mumbai Marathon.
Having done the ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) certification, Pratik chalks his own training plans. His next race will be the upcoming TCS World 10 km race in Bengaluru slated to be held on April 27, 2025.
(The author, Latha Venkatraman, is an independent journalist based in Mumbai)
Man Singh, Bhagirathi Bisht win 2025 New Delhi Marathon
Man Singh of the Indian Army won the 2025 New Delhi Marathon held on February 23 with a timing of two hours, 15 minutes and 24 seconds. He is the reigning champion of the Asian Marathon Championships and had finished second at the 2025 Tata Mumbai Marathon.
The women’s elite race was won by Bhagirathi Bisht in 2:48:59. Nirmaben Thakor, winner among women at the 2025 Tata Mumbai Marathon, finished second in the women’s race with a timing of 2:49:16. In third place was Ashwini Jadhav with a timing of 2:50:48. She had won the 2024 edition of the New Delhi Marathon. Bhagwati Dangi finished fourth (3:09:04) and Disket Dolma fifth (3:10:53). Disket had finished ninth with a timing of 3:19:29 at the 2025 Tata Mumbai Marathon.
In the men’s race, finishing five seconds behind Man Singh was Pardeep Singh Chaudhary (2:15:29). In third place was Akshay Saini (2:15:34). In fourth place was Kulbir Singh (2:17:18) and in fifth place was the well-known elite marathoner Gopi Thonakal (2:18:23). Gopi, the former Asian marathon champion, had finished third at the 2025 Tata Mumbai Marathon.
The open category race was won by Manjit Singh (2:23:35) in the men’s category and by Anubhuti Chaturvedi (3:13:41) in the women’s category.
In the half marathon, the the winner in the men’s segment was Harmanjot Singh (1:04:36). Tseganeshg Mekonnen (1:23:55) was the winer among women.
Anant Gaonkar, Jyoti Gawate win 50 km race at 2025 Tata Ultra
Anant Gaonkar and Jyoti Gawate were the winners of the 50 km race at the 2025 Tata Ultra held at Lonavala on February 23.
Anand Gaonkar covered the distance in 3:13:11. Abhishek Soni came in second finishing in 3:14:02. In third place was Amar Singh Devanda, who finished in 3:21:35. Amar holds the national record for the 24-hour ultra-run with 272.54 km covered.
In the women’s race, Jyoti Gawate, an elite marathon runner, defended her 2024 title with a winning finish of 4:06:50. Seema finished second with a timing of 4:14:34 and Ekta Rawat came in third with a timing of 4:18:03.
In the newly introduced 75 km race, Rohit Singh was the winner of the men’s race (6:05:13) and Arti Agrawal of the women’s race (8:32:38).
Following Rohit to the finish line were Dev Chaudhary (6:20:21) in second place and Praful Vanjare (6:27:40). In the women’s race, Rita Patkar finished second (8:59:23).
(The author, Latha Venkatraman, is an independent journalist based in Mumbai)
There’s a graph in Savio D’ Souza’s phone, which has become a milestone of sorts. It depicts his progression during the half marathon, held as part of the 2025 Tata Mumbai Marathon (TMM). Among India’s top marathoners years ago and post-retirement one of Mumbai’s most sought-after coaches in long distance running, Savio finished the 21 kilometre-race in two hours, 28 minutes and 17 seconds. It’s not an exceptional timing. But it is special, for 2025 TMM marked Savio’s return to participating in the city’s annual marathon after a gap of two years enduring an unexpected downturn in health.
A physically fit individual, managing two coaching sessions every day and training and running alongside his wards for his own fitness, Savio was diagnosed with colon cancer in December 2022. The onset of discomfort and the diagnosis were not much apart. The initial symptoms included fever and discomfort in the abdominal area. It appeared to go away with a round of antibiotics. But when the discomfort returned, Savio promptly sought comprehensive medical investigation, following which, cancer was detected. The disease was locally advanced; in other words, stage three. It wasn’t just his colon, the bladder and the prostate gland were also affected. The diagnosis left Savio puzzled at start, for he was a physically active person with a longstanding track record in athletics and who in addition, neither smoked nor drank. Further, if meat consumption was cited as potential cause, he couldn’t help but notice that those into a vegetarian diet also seemed to develop the disease. “ I couldn’t figure out why I got cancer,’’ he said. On the bright side, likely due to his physically active lifestyle, Savio didn’t have any comorbidities.
Following the diagnosis, Savio resolved to follow whatever his doctors advised. He temporarily handed over the training responsibilities for his group of runners – Savio Stars (the group was commenced in 2005, the second year of the Mumbai marathon) – to Dev Raman, a senior runner. Raman was assisted by Savio’s deputies. That done, Savio embraced medical treatment. In all, Savio had 12 sessions of chemotherapy and five of radiation. The main hospital involved in treating him was Mumbai’s Tata Memorial Hospital, reputed for its cancer care. For six of the chemotherapy sessions, Savio visited Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital and Research Centre as well. Asked if he experienced any weakness during the period of chemotherapy, Savio said that aside from occasional blisters in the mouth, he was generally okay. He didn’t feel particularly tired or drained out. For both accessing medical care and staying positive through the treatment phase, the running community and in particular, Savio Stars, were of considerable help. In Mumbai, the typical running ecosystem featuring a large group of runners under a coach, is a small cross section of life’s essentials. Doctors who are into running were always at hand to help Savio understand test results, treatment protocols and recommend the best options in health care.
When battling cancer, a positive frame of mind is very important. Chemotherapy and radiation have the tendency of lowering the body’s capacity to defend against infections. Savio was instructed to stay off crowded places. He diligently maintained this approach for the first round of chemotherapy. Rose, Savio’s wife, used to the athlete’s ways, realized that keeping Savio indoors for long would dampen his spirits. So, on some days, his trainees out on their morning run would come by and Savio would go with a few of them to a secluded corner of the beach that was devoid of crowds, for a brief walk. He wore a mask. On July 6, 2023, after nine sessions of chemotherapy were completed, Savio underwent surgery. A part of the colon and the whole bladder, were removed. Post-surgery, the doctors had special plastic bags attached externally to his body, which collected the body’s solid and liquid waste products. He spent 13 days in hospital for the surgery. Recovery wasn’t exactly a simple path. There was a procedure endured later, in March 2024, to remove the plastic bag for solid waste, reverse that temporary method for waste evacuation and restore the patient’s ability to use the toilet. Given Savio’s bladder has been removed, the plastic bag for collecting urine will remain a permanent adjunct.
There were two moments of anxiety in the recuperation phase. Once, a block developed in the waste evacuation process causing acute discomfort. It brought Savio back to hospital briefly. The other moment of anxiety has a backdrop in physical activity to it. During these months of tackling cancer and recovering from it, Savio had his cataract operations also done. Towards the end of August 2024, he commenced a slow return to his coaching activity. He was very cautious; there was the post-surgery (cancer surgery) care to be cognisant of and cataract procedure recently done meant his eyes too had to be shielded from Mumbai’s rain. There was no more of that old Savio trait of showing his wards how to do their training. Instead, he would be present for the training sessions to oversee them and also use the time he had on the city’s Marine Drive to first walk slowly and then progressively intersperse those walks with short blends of walking and jogging. Once during this phase, he developed a small niggle in his lower back and resorting to old habit, he used a foam roller at home to address it. Not long thereafter, he found traces of blood in his urine. The doctors have since told him to completely stay off any such movements or any exercise that may strain his abdominal area (so, no planks for this runner). Meanwhile, at his training sessions on Marine Drive, which he attended in the morning (at the time of writing, Savio hadn’t yet begun attending the evening sessions), the coach kept gently nudging up the share of those run-walk blends in his walking. As he put it, even in pre-cancer days, he was always one recommending a gradual ramping up of training for his wards. “ I believe in taking things slow. Many amateur runners, when they enlist for training with me, are revisiting running after a long gap. Some of them haven’t run for years. Ramping up fast causes needless injury. Therefore, in the early stages of training, I tell them to come for the training sessions and simply walk. After all, serious training makes sense only if your body is first acquainted to those early morning hours,’’ Savio said. Post cancer, that gradual easing into running became the coach’s advice to his own self.
For this author, untutored in medicine, the conversation with Savio left a couple of points to reflect on. The first was the late detection of cancer. Is it a pattern seen in physically fit people that their fitness, general robustness and higher tolerance of pain, delays detection of things gone wrong? And if late detection is a trend, then would periodic medical check-ups be the relevant way forward for the physical fit? The second question was an often posed one – if diseases can set in despite investment in physical fitness, then what exactly is the benefit of trying to be physically fit? This blog met Dr Rajat Chauhan for the first time in August 2011, at the second edition of La Ultra The High, the iconic ultramarathon, once held every year in Ladakh. A specialist in sports and exercise medicine, he is also a columnist, a longstanding ultrarunner and the founder-race director of La Ultra The High. According to Dr Chauhan, there is no one-size-fits-all template or paradigm to answer the first question. To begin with the whole question of why somebody gets a disease is explicable to some extent and a grey area to some extent. A popular example would be the condition of having fatty liver disease. There was a time when it was associated with alcoholics. Now it is seen as a lifestyle disease affecting more those who don’t consume alcohol. Similarly, within the realm of certain body types generally spoken of as linked to improved well-being, smaller details count. For instance, an overweight but physically active person may be better off than a thin, physically inactive sort. In other words, merely because one is thin, one needn’t be healthier. Viewed so, there is a lot in health that is specific to the individual. Assigning general parameters could be misleading. As for detection – as much as a superior level of physical fitness may be argued to delay detection of diseases in the physically fit, it is equally possible that given individuals who exercise regularly or live the physically active life, have a better connection to their body, they may report anomalies earlier.
Specifically on colon cancer, Dr Chauhan pointed out that it isn’t usually among conditions detected early. The best bet we have against cancer at large is a good quality of life; sleeping well, preserving good mental health, having good eating habits and remaining physically active would be among the ingredients going into it. The problem with periodic health check-ups for the physically active as a general precaution to avoid late detection of diseases is that many of the diseases and conditions which visit us, typically require a detailed medical examination to show up. In other words, a general medical check-up needn’t guarantee all problems showing up. Under the system of healthcare currently available, medical check-ups are expensive. So, if one establishes periodic check-ups as the main relevant alternative for the physically fit to avoid late detection, then it could well end up as money spent to keep the healthcare system healthy rather than oneself healthy. Or consider for example, tests around joint health and mobility conducted on all who have reported for a marathon. “ Investigations like MRI done for the spine and knee, done on most of the runners as well as non-runners, would show abnormalities. Out of which, 90 per cent or more would have no symptoms whatsoever. But based on those findings, they could either be told by my colleagues that they should stop running, or their well-meaning family and friends could tell them the same too. Also, if there is back or knee pain, we need to address it smartly, when their sense of both mental and physical well-being, is rooted in running. What counts more – is it that well-being and joints still usable because of activity, or a cessation of the activity that they are in love with? Most runners, and even other sport enthusiasts end up coming to me because their other doctors have told them to stop playing the sport that defines them. It’s like a death sentence for them,” Dr Chauhan wrote in (this blog’s interaction with him was via a mix of telephonic conversation and email). Having said that, some basic medical evaluation done periodically does make sense for a general idea of where one stands.
With regard to the relevance of investing in physical fitness amidst ailments happening to even the physically fit, Dr Chauhan agreed that one of the benefits of a physically active lifestyle is reduced comorbidities. He recalled an extensive study done during the COVID-19 period in New York, which showed that those into a physically active lifestyle diagnosed with COVID-19, had milder infection or spent less time in the hospital to recover. And yet, despite the availability of such bullet points to underscore the relevance of being physically active, the most tangible justification for physical activity is that it makes people feel good about themselves in the time they are alive. On a philosophic note, Dr Chauhan admitted to wondering – “ why don’t we focus on adding more life to years than only thinking about adding years to life at any cost?’’
Back on Marine Drive, as 2024 entered its final months, Savio tested his post-operation fitness patiently through several days of walking and doing that blend of walking and running. Thanks to two years without any significant physical activity, there was a slump in cardiovascular fitness to overcome. As well as get them limbs moving smoothly like before. Eventually, the 71-year-old sensed his body sending a green signal for the idea he had in mind – take part in Mumbai’s annual marathon. In November 2024, Savio decided to register for the 2025 TMM in the half marathon category. The event’s organizers accommodated the late request from one of the city’s most loved coaches. Savio’s long runs in the run up to the half marathon of January 19, 2025, were just two – both of 10 kilometres each. He deemed that enough for he had been doing regular run-walk of shorter distances, had loads of experience in running from the past to dig into and his immediate goal was anyway to just complete the race. In his pre-cancer days, he was used to running long without much hydration. Post surgery, the doctors had told him to hydrate properly including at TMM. Missing a bladder, he would be running with that plastic bag meant to collect urine as it formed. “ The only issue was whether the plastic bag may flap around as I run. But that never happened during the race because I have a smooth, running style. One that doesn’t disturb the bag. And if at all the bag gets moved around, I can tuck it under the elastic of my shorts; it stays in place. Besides, every time I visited a loo along the marathon’s course, I was quicker than the average runner at finishing my business and coming off. I just have to empty my bag!’’ Savio said laughing.
Five days after 2025 TMM, at their apartment near Mumbai’s Metro cinema, Savio and Rose were a picture of happiness as they shared that graph. As mentioned, the time taken to finish was 2:28:17. Savio placed tenth out of 67 runners in his age category of 70 years and above for men. What made him love the graph, was the pattern of progression. Till around 6.5 kilometres in the race, it shows him maintaining a steady pace of seven minutes and 20 seconds to cover a kilometre. Then, over the next 10 kilometres, he turns up the pace, not ascending to dramatically high levels, but a comfortable peak of seven minutes. After that, it gently eases to a finish at around seven minutes and five seconds. In other words, tiny increments held steadily for long. “ You understood?’’ Savio asked me. I didn’t, initially. “ No, he didn’t,’’ Rose said from the side. The coach explained it again, patiently. I got it.
(The author, Shyam G Menon, is a freelance journalist based in Mumbai)
The inaugural edition of the SFC Global 10K run in Navi Mumbai, originally slated to be held on February 16, 2025, has been postponed to February 2026.
The event, which was to see participation by international and Indian elite runners, will now be held on February 15, 2026.
“ While we had initially planned for the first race to occur in February 2025, we have made the decision to defer the event to 2026 in order to create an even more immersive and exceptional running experience for all participants,’’ a statement on the event website sfcglobal10k.com said. The 10K course has been charted along Navi Mumbai’s Palm Beach Road which is a straight, flat stretch potentially offering an opportunity for runners to improve their personal timings.
The event is a joint effort between SFC and Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC). “ We are also extremely thankful to double Olympic Champion and World Record holder Beatrice Chebet for confirming her participation in the race and look forward to welcoming her again, in February 2026,’’ the statement said.
According to information on the website, the organisers of the event have decided to give full refund for those runners who had registered and promised them free entry for the 2026 inaugural edition.
(The authors, Latha Venkatraman and Shyam G Menon, are independent journalists based in Mumbai)